An artificial satellite is a designed celestial body equipped with various subsystems to withstand the space environment and perform missions, such as observing Earth as it orbits around it. Each component of the satellite is engineered to enable its mission capabilities, with much of the information shared by NASA. (For further details, refer to here)
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The composition of satellite system
Satellites
Satellites are intricate systems designed to orbit Earth or other celestial bodies, performing vital functions such as communication, weather forecasting, navigation, and scientific research. They are positioned in geostationary or low Earth orbits to ensure optimal coverage and connectivity.
Weather satellites, for instance, are equipped with advanced sensors and equipment to monitor atmospheric conditions, collect meteorological data, and facilitate weather forecasting. They capture images of weather phenomena such as clouds, precipitation, and temperature, enabling meteorologists to analyze and predict weather patterns more accurately.
Additionally, scientific research satellites are designed to study various aspects of Earth, space, and the universe. They carry specialized equipment and payloads to conduct experiments, gather data on phenomena such as climate change, natural disasters, and astronomical events, and expand our understanding of the cosmos.
- 참고 자료: Aalto-1 – 초분광 원격 감지를 위한 실험적 나노위성 – ResearchGate의 과학적 그림. 이용 가능: https://www.researchgate.net/Figure/Schematic-view-of-satellite-subsystem-placement_fig2_220822469 [2024년 4월 28일 액세스]
Communication Networks
Satellites require networks for communication with ground control stations. This network enables data transmission between satellites and ground control stations. In CubeSat missions, S-band and X-band frequencies are commonly utilized.
EPS Systems
The EPS system is a crucial component in satellites. This system consists of solar panels and batteries, which convert solar energy into electricity and store it in the batteries. The voltage stored in the batteries varies depending on the type of satellite, with larger satellites using power ranging from 32V to 48V, while smaller satellites or CubeSats use power systems ranging from 28V to 18V. Although specific battery types may vary, the power delivered to subsystems is typically 24V for larger or medium-sized satellites and 12V to 18V for CubeSats or small satellites.
Thermal Control System
The thermal control system is crucial for regulating the heat within a satellite against the extreme temperatures of space. When the satellite is exposed to prolonged solar irradiation, efficient heat dissipation within becomes imperative, necessitating effective utilization of heat sinks. In the absence of air to facilitate heat transfer via convection, heat must be dissipated solely through conduction. If heat transfer is impeded even slightly, the interior of the satellite can become as hot as an oven.
Conversely, when entering an eclipse phase where the artificial satellite does not receive heat, its temperature drops significantly, with the internal temperature decreasing to approximately -40 degrees Celsius. Utilizing both passive methods such as thermal blankets and active methods like heaters and radiators, these temperature fluctuations are prevented and maintained, allowing for sensitive temperature control. This ensures protection against the cold of space and solar radiation.
위성 시스템의 구성은 EPS 시스템, 열 제어 시스템, 페이로드 및 기기 등으로 이루어져 있습니다. Cubesat에 대한 정보를 포함하고 있습니다.
Satellites are equipped with various payloads and instruments. These equipment vary depending on the mission and purpose of the satellite.
Orbital Parameters
Satellites are placed into specific orbits. Orbital parameters are precisely calculated to optimize the operation of the satellite.
Telemetry and Tracking Systems
Continuous monitoring of satellites is essential. Telemetry and tracking systems facilitate this monitoring process.
Launch Vehicles
Launch vehicles consist of multiple stages, each containing engines, propellant tanks, guidance systems, and structural components. These stages work together to propel the rocket into space, overcoming Earth’s gravity and delivering the payload into its intended orbit.
- Reference : https://www.spacefoundation.org/space_brief/components-of-a-space-launch-system/
Ground Control Stations
During the operation of artificial satellites in space, ground control stations are essential on Earth. These stations are responsible for monitoring the status of the satellites and performing tasks such as sending commands to them.
